MICROSOFT-Critical Audit Mattersの事例（米国）

日本でもぼとぼち始まるKAM(Key audit matters)ですが、アメリカでも開示事例がでているようです。

今回はWindowsでおなじみのMicrosoft。

なお、米国ではKAMではなくCAＭ、Critical Audit Mattersと命名されていますが、内容はKAMと同じで、以下のように定義づけられています。
①財務諸表に重要な科目・開示に影響を与えるもの
②特に、チャレンジング、主観的、複雑で監査人の判断に影響を与えるもの

マイクロソフト-CAM

今回は2019年8月日付の10-Kを参照していきます。

会計監査人はDeloitteです。監査報告書はP.93~P.95の3ページです。イギリスのKAMと比べると非常にあっさりです。少し長いですが、引用します。

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Microsoft Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Microsoft Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated August 1, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the Company’s Audit Committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Revenue Recognition — Refer to Note 1 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. The Company offers customers the ability to acquire multiple licenses of software products and services, including cloud-based services, in its customer agreements through its volume licensing programs.

Significant judgment is exercised by the Company in determining revenue recognition for these customer agreements, and includes the following:

• Determination of whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together, such as software licenses and related services that are sold with cloud-based services.

• Determination of stand-alone selling prices for each distinct performance obligation and for products and services that are not sold separately.

• The pattern of delivery (i.e., timing of when revenue is recognized) for each distinct performance obligation.

• Estimation of variable consideration when determining the amount of revenue to recognize (e.g., customer credits, incentives, and in certain instances, estimation of customer usage of products and services).

Given these factors, the related audit effort in evaluating management’s judgments in determining revenue recognition for these customer agreements was extensive and required a high degree of auditor judgment.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our principal audit procedures related to the Company’s revenue recognition for these customer agreements included the following:

• We tested the effectiveness of internal controls related to the identification of distinct performance obligations, the determination of the timing of revenue recognition, and the estimation of variable consideration.

• We evaluated management’s significant accounting policies related to these customer agreements for reasonableness.

• We selected a sample of customer agreements and performed the following procedures:
　　• Obtained and read contract source documents for each selection, including master agreements, and other documents that were part of the agreement.
　　• Tested management’s identification of significant terms for completeness, including the identification of distinct performance obligations and variable consideration.
　　• Assessed the terms in the customer agreement and evaluated the appropriateness of management’s application of their accounting policies, along with their use of estimates, in the determination of revenue recognition conclusions.

• We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s estimate of stand-alone selling prices for products and services that are not sold separately.

• We tested the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculations of revenue and the associated timing of revenue recognized in the financial statements.

Income Taxes — Uncertain Tax Positions — Refer to Note 12 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company’s long-term income taxes liability includes uncertain tax positions related to transfer pricing issues that remain unresolved with the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). The Company remains under IRS audit, or subject to IRS audit, for tax years subsequent to 2003. While the Company has settled a portion of the IRS audits, resolution of the remaining matters could have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Conclusions on recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions involve significant estimates and management judgment and include complex considerations of the Internal Revenue Code, related regulations, tax case laws, and prior-year audit settlements. Given the complexity and the subjective nature of the transfer pricing issues that remain unresolved with the IRS, evaluating management’s estimates relating to their determination of uncertain tax positions required extensive audit effort and a high degree of auditor judgment, including involvement of our tax specialists.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our principal audit procedures to evaluate management’s estimates of uncertain tax positions related to unresolved transfer pricing issues included the following:

• We evaluated the appropriateness and consistency of management’s methods and assumptions used in the identification, recognition, measurement, and disclosure of uncertain tax positions, which included testing the effectiveness of the related internal controls.

• We read and evaluated management’s documentation, including relevant accounting policies and information obtained by management from outside tax specialists, that detailed the basis of the uncertain tax positions.

• We tested the reasonableness of management’s judgments regarding the future resolution of the uncertain tax positions, including an evaluation of the technical merits of the uncertain tax positions.

• For those uncertain tax positions that had not been effectively settled, we evaluated whether management had appropriately considered new information that could significantly change the recognition, measurement or disclosure of the uncertain tax positions.

• We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s estimates by considering how tax law, including statutes, regulations and case law, impacted management’s judgments.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Seattle, Washington
August 1, 2019
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1983.

イギリスと比較すると図がなく、単なる説明で終わっています。日本もこのような形になるのではないかと思いますね。

また、イギリスは監査報告書に重要性の基準値や対象スコープも書かれていましたが、米国では記載ありません。

米国で記載が求められているのは以下の4つ。
・CAMの特定
・CAMの選定考慮事由
・CAMへの対応
・関連科目、開示への参照

以下のリンクが関連条項になります。
PCAOB Auditing Standard 3101

Critical Audit Matters!

CAMは以下の2個です。

英国のロールスロイスの9個、バーバリー4個、ブリティッシュアメリカンタバコの3個から比較すると少ないですね。